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Origin of Membrane TechnologyIn 1890, Ostwald conducted the first experimental research on ion exchange membranes. In 1950, Ionics Incorporated of the United States developed the world’s first commercially viable ion exchange membrane. In 1959, Reid and Breton fabricated a symmetric membrane with a thickness of 6 micrometers made of cellulose acetate. It achieved a salt rejection rate of 96% and a water flux of 25 L/m².
In 1963, Loeb and Sourirajan proposed the preparation process for asymmetric membranes. The resulting cellulose acetate membrane had a thickness of 100 μm, a salt rejection rate of 98.6%, and a water flux of 259 L/m².
In 1965, DuPont of the United States pioneered hollow fiber membranes and their separation devices, which were successfully applied to gas separation. In the 1960s, the industrial application of electrodialysis based on ion exchange membranes achieved comprehensive development, and various membrane structure technologies emerged one after another.
Development of Membrane TechnologyIn 1972, interfacial polymerization was adopted to form a desalination active layer on the basis of L-S asymmetric membranes as the substrate.
During the 1970s, research on membrane formation mechanisms dominated by phase inversion was initiated.
In 1979, Monsanto Company of the United States developed the "Prism" hollow fiber gas separation membrane, realizing the first true industrialization of membrane-based gas separation technology.
In the 1970s, DuPont of the United States developed perfluorosulfonic acid ion exchange membranes (the Nafion series), which boosted the large-scale application of ion exchange membranes in the chlor-alkali industry. Nafion is the first artificially synthesized polymer with ionic properties ever created.
In 1980, composite membranes for gas separation were fabricated by coating PDMS on the surface of L-S asymmetric membranes as the substrate.
In the 1980s, the membrane formation principle of L-S asymmetric membranes was adopted to fabricate polymeric ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes.
Maturation of Membrane TechnologyFrom 1980 to 2020, the membrane separation industry entered a period of rapid growth, with numerous well-known enterprises emerging. Technical upgrades took place roughly every 5 to 8 years.
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